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The normal word order in Latin is Subject-Object-Verb. three moods: indicative, subjunctive, imperative.
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two aspects ( imperfective and perfective).Verb endings fuse tense, aspect, mood, number, person, and voice. pronouns and adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in gender, number, and case.seven cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, locative, and vocative.three grammatical genders: masculine, feminine and neuter which cannot be determined from the shape of the noun sex of animate nouns is marked by gender of the adjective inanimate nouns are assigned to all three genders.Latin nouns are characterized by the following: Nominal inflections are fusional, i.e., one ending represents a fusion of case, number, and gender. Latin grammar has retained many features of Proto-Indo-European, particularly in its noun declensions. As such, it has had a profound effect on all Western European languages. They became less and less mutually intelligible, and by the 9th century developed into separate Romance languages, as we know them today.Īs Vulgar Latin continued to evolve, Classical Latin continued mostly unchanged in somewhat standardized form throughout the Middle Ages as the written language of religion and scholarship. As the Roman Empire disintegrated and communication with Rome declined, regional forms of Vulgar Latin diverged more and more from the classical norms in structure, vocabulary, and pronunciation. Vulgar Latin varied across the territories occupied by the Romans, depending on a variety of factors, including the influence of local languages.
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Vulgar Latin was a language of wider communication but it was not a standardized written language like Classical Latin, a standardized form of the language used for all written communication. The expansion of the Roman Empire also spread Latin throughout the territories occupied by the Romans who spoke Vulgar Latin, a colloquial variety of the language spoken by Roman citizens. As Rome extended its political power over the Italian Peninsula, Latin become dominant over the other Italic languages, such as Oscan and Umbrian which ceased to be spoken sometime in the 1st century AD. Latin developed in west-central Italy in an area along the River Tiber known as Latium, which became the birthplace of the Roman civilization. Before their arrival, Italy was populated by Etruscans, a non-Indo-European-speaking people, in the north, and by Greeks in the south. They migrated to the Italian Peninsula in the 2nd millennium BC. Italic speakers were not native to Italy. Latin (lingua latina) is a member of the Italic branch of the Indo-European language family.